Ethiopia: Adugk, 35, fled the conflict in South Sudan to find refuge in Gambella. With the help of Oxfam, she is able to easily access and collect water. Photo: Liban Hailu/ Oxfam.

Water and sanitation

Democratic Republic of Congo. Nombe fills up the hand-washing tank with water. Credit: Arlette Bashizi/Oxfam

It’s all too easy to forget what a miracle water is. With a water supply on tap, food can grow, and people can thrive. Water is life.

Yet access to clean water and safe sanitation — flushing toilets, and other forms of sewage treatment — is one of the biggest health issues around the world. Almost 900 million people in the world do not have access to clean water — or one in eight people (WHO/UNICEF).

Unclean water, poor sanitation and unsafe hygiene practices have claimed more lives over the past century than any other cause. This is continuing in many low-income countries, making this one of the world’s most urgent health issues.

As part of our humanitarian response work, Oxfam is widely recognized as a leading organization helping people meet their needs for clean water, safe sanitation and hygiene advice (collectively known as WASH).

Our water engineers are renowned for their speed and efficiency, providing large-scale water supplies and disease-preventing sanitation facilities to millions of vulnerable people in the world, even in the most challenging environments such as after the 2023 Türkiye-Syria earthquake and the 2022 Pakistan floods.

Working alongside partners on the ground, we are committed to developing innovative, long-term and cost-effective solutions that are tailored to each community’s unique needs and can reduce levels of poverty and disease.

In emergencies, many more lives are put at risk by inadequate water supplies and poor sanitation. It’s estimated that, at the bare minimum, a person needs 15 litres of water per day for drinking, cooking, and washing. This makes providing clean water a massive task requiring the sort of specialist skills and equipment Oxfam has.

The costs of unsafe water

2.2 billion

people do not have access to clean water at home.

2.3 billion

people lack access to basic sanitation services, such as toilets.

Over 80%

of all wastewater worldwide returns to the environment without being treated.

800+

children under the age of five die daily from diarrhea-related illnesses linked to contaminated water.

700 million

people worldwide could be displaced by intense water scarcity by 2030.

Democratic Republic of Congo. Nombe fills up the hand-washing tank with water. Credit: Arlette Bashizi/Oxfam

It’s all too easy to forget what a miracle water is. With a water supply on tap, food can grow, and people can thrive. Water is life.

Yet access to clean water and safe sanitation — flushing toilets, and other forms of sewage treatment — is one of the biggest health issues around the world. Almost 900 million people in the world do not have access to clean water — or one in eight people (WHO/UNICEF).

Unclean water, poor sanitation and unsafe hygiene practices have claimed more lives over the past century than any other cause. This is continuing in many low-income countries, making this one of the world’s most urgent health issues.

As part of our humanitarian response work, Oxfam is widely recognized as a leading organization helping people meet their needs for clean water, safe sanitation and hygiene advice (collectively known as WASH).

Our water engineers are renowned for their speed and efficiency, providing large-scale water supplies and disease-preventing sanitation facilities to millions of vulnerable people in the world, even in the most challenging environments such as after the 2023 Türkiye-Syria earthquake and the 2022 Pakistan floods.

Working alongside partners on the ground, we are committed to developing innovative, long-term and cost-effective solutions that are tailored to each community’s unique needs and can reduce levels of poverty and disease.

In emergencies, many more lives are put at risk by inadequate water supplies and poor sanitation. It’s estimated that, at the bare minimum, a person needs 15 litres of water per day for drinking, cooking, and washing. This makes providing clean water a massive task requiring the sort of specialist skills and equipment Oxfam has.

The costs of unsafe water

2.2 billion

people do not have access to clean water at home.

2.3 billion

people lack access to basic sanitation services, such as toilets.

Over 80%

of all wastewater worldwide returns to the environment without being treated.

800+

children under the age of five die daily from diarrhea-related illnesses linked to contaminated water.

700 million

people worldwide could be displaced by intense water scarcity by 2030.

What we do

Emergency response

Fast action can stop an emergency turning into a crisis. Our water engineers are renowned for their speed and efficiency, providing large-scale water supplies and disease-preventing sanitation facilities — even in the most difficult circumstances such as the Haiti earthquake and the Pakistan floods.

In each situation, we look for the most effective and efficient way to provide water— setting up delivery systems that pipe or truck water in from the nearest water source for distribution via water tanks, pipes and tap stands.

We always work with local people; taking into account local needs and practices. We ensure that facilities are designed to enable people – particularly women and children – to maintain their dignity and stay safe. We also provide health and hygiene advice to ensure water and sanitation facilities are used properly to help prevent the spread of disease.

Long-term development

Water, sanitation and hygiene approaches underpin many of our anti-poverty development projects. We work with local communities to provide long-term, cost-effective solutions that can reduce levels of poverty and disease.

Providing safe water can improve general health and reduce the pressure on often-limited health care resources.

Introducing simple irrigation schemes can kick-start farming, improve local diets and give people the chance to make a living.

By taking an integrated approach to health and incorporating components from the fields of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), we can provide simple and effective solutions that can be implemented by local communities themselves.

Providing clean water, latrines and hygiene advice at schools can even increase attendance, reducing days lost through illness and raising educational performance. This can be particularly significant for girls. Schools play an important role in helping to change attitudes towards hygiene within their wider community.

Water for life

Oxfam is providing clean water, sanitation and hygiene education to communities around the world. In fact, it is one of the things we do best — our solutions are saving lives.

Running taps, working toilets, clean, safe drinking water and soap — in Australia, they’re things people can take for granted. Yet around the world, millions of people get sick or die each day because they must go without these necessities of life.

Almost 900 million people in the world do not have access to clean, safe drinking water, while 2.6 billion live without basic sanitation. Across the globe, more than 6,000 people die each day from diseases caused by dirty water — two-thirds are children (World Health Organisation).

Oxfam’s water engineers and public health specialists are known internationally for the speed and efficiency with which they can help provide large-scale water supplies, essential sanitation facilities and hygiene improvements, even in the most difficult circumstances.

We integrate our water and sanitation solutions with hygiene in an evidence-based practice known as “WASH”. The World Health Organisation attributes about 90% of diarrhoeal diseases to poor access to WASH infrastructure.

Emergencies

When disaster strikes, Oxfam acts quickly to saves lives by delivering clean water and sanitation — from simple solutions like distributing buckets, jerry cans, soap and water purification tablets, to building and rehabilitating water supply systems, providing tanks, delivering clean water and constructing toilets.

This goes hand-in-hand with educating people about the importance of washing hands, collecting water in clean containers, storing water safely and purifying water for drinking and cooking.

Oxfam was one of the first aid agencies to use specialised water treatment units that purify vast amounts of water in a very short time — up to 6,000 litres an hour. Other agencies began using similar technologies following Oxfam’s example.

After Typhoon Kestana flooded large parts of Manila in the Philippines in September 2009, our solutions included building a new prototype “floating” toilet, to help ensure people staying in evacuation centres had adequate sanitation facilities.

When Cyclone Nargis devastated areas of Myanmar in 2008, Oxfam helped affected communities build rainwater catchments in just one day, using local materials.

One of Oxfam’s greatest water innovations is also one of its most simple — the Oxfam bucket, which we distribute to displaced people during emergencies. Winner of a Millennium Design Award, the bucket is designed to be light, durable, and keep water clean and safe. It stacks, is easy to transport, has a tight-fitting lid to keep out the dirt and prevent spillage, and an insertable tap to prevent collected water from being recontaminated. The plastic is UV resistant to prevent algal build-up.

Vasantha Nilaweera was one of thousands of displaced people living in temporary camps in Sri Lanka after the 2004 tusnami who experienced Oxfam’s comprehensive water response.

“Oxfam gave training to everyone in safety and hygiene,” Vasantha recalls. “They gave us water filters and we took water from two separate tanks — one for drinking and one for washing. People from Oxfam also came to check the quality of the water.”

Long-term solutions

In the context of our long-term development work, Oxfam provides water, sanitation and hygiene solutions that are tailored to local needs, conditions and technologies.

We drill boreholes, sink wells, install tanks, pumps and tap stands, construct entire gravity-fed water supply systems and small-scale irrigation schemes, build toilets, set up household water treatment solutions, promote the production and use of soap and promote safe hygiene practices in homes and schools.

Access to drinking water in crises eBook

Clean water is a fundamental human right. Yet 1 in 8 people on our planet don’t have access to this vital resource. Our eBook dives into why access to clean water is one of the world’s most urgent health issues – as well as its impacts on food security, educational opportunities for women and girls.

Access eBook